Introduction
“Sources,” are not the invention of an argument developed. They are only meant to support claims. There are primary and secondary sources in paper writing. Primary refers to a source in which the data goes uninterrupted; these are the sources you must interpret on your own for your purposes. On the other hand, secondary sources have already developed concepts for your claims.
Citing sources is important as it increases your credibility and makes your arguments stronger. It also is generous as it credits the original writer, and provides your readers with documentation if they feel they can reuse it. Thus it is “an obligation, a service, and an advantage.”
Integrating Sources
1.1 Three Basic Principles:
a- Use sources concisely, such that your voice remains distinctly yours.
b- Always differentiate between your language and your sources so that your readers know which is which.
c- Clearly explain how your source is related to your argument.
1.2 Rules for Quoting
a- General Principles
1. Quote only what is strongly significant.
2. Embed quotations; frame them with your own sentence to maintain flow.
3. Announce the quotation before it appears, crediting the original writer if possible.
4. Use accurate verbs for your introduction of the quote.
b- Technical Rules
1. Don’t automatically put a comma before the quote
2. Punctuation goes inside the quotation marks on a quote
3. Use a forward slash to indicate a line break in poetry
4. Punctuate a quote at the end of your sentence the way you would punctuate the sentence in which it appears.
5. Quote verbatim, using ellipsis to omit segments of the quotation.
1.3 Quoting blocks
Five lines of prose or two verses of poetry must be presented in block form.
a- Indent all lines in the block ten spaces from the left margin
b- Indenting a block replaces quotation marks
c- Inform readers in advance whom you are quoting and what to be looking for in the block quote
d- Lead in sentence needs to start with a colon
e- Follow up the block with a valid explanation of why the quote is significant to your claim
f- When using an in-text parenthetic citation, put the citation outside the period at the end of the last sentence quoted.
1.4 Using Discursive Notes
(footnotes and endnotes)
a- Draw on the implications of your argument
b- Announce nonstandard additions or personal translations
c- Direct the reader toward further readings of close relation to what you are writing about
d- Explain your citing system, use of term, or meaning of acronyms or abbreviations
Citing Sources
2.1 When to Cite
a- Whenever factual information from a cite is used
b- Whenever you quote verbatim
c- Whenever you summarize or paraphrase the ideas of others
d- Whenever you use a passage’s distinct structure or method of organization
e- Whenever you make use of someone else’s work, even in passing
2.2 When Not to Cite
a- When the source and page location are obvious
b- When dealing with what is considered common knowledge
c- When using common “everyday” phrases
d- When referring to realizations made in verbal conversations
2.3 Methods of Citing
a- Sequential Notes – using raised numbers or other raised notations to indicate a footnote or endnote
b- In-text Citing – includes the author and page number, usually in parentheses
c-Coding – using a symbol or numeral to indicate a reference which in turn relates to a reference page
2.4 Acknowledging Uncited Sources
References outside help away from sources where knowledge was drawn from, such as teachers, friends, or other peers. This is done in a footnote or endnote of acknowledgement.
Misuse of Sources
3.1 Plagiarism
Passing off source information as your own; not giving credit where credit is due to other writers. Most common is mosaic plagiarism, where a student surrounds an idea that is not their own with their own language without due credit.
a- Uncited information or date from a source
b- An uncited idea
c- A verbatim phrase or passage that isn’t quoted
d- An uncited method of organizing a paper or style of another writer
3.2 Other Ways of Misusing Sources
a- Misrepresenting Evidence- twisting the purpose of the quotation to fit your own; destruction of context
b- Improper Collaboration – where two students present close to the same paper that they have worked together on
c- Dual or Overlapping Submissions – Using the same paper, or close to the same paper for multiple classes/purposes
d- Abetting Plagiarism – helping others plagiarize their papers
3.3 Special Hazards of Electronic Sources
It is easy to lose track of where sources/information came from, so it’s important to keep your information neat and organized, keeping track of all your information via bookmarks and copying and pasting author and cite information right away.
It is also important to read through the information all the way in order to maintain the context of the information you are citing. Printing hard copies of your sources can help you keep track of that as you read. You also must make sure that your information is sound. The Internet is open to everyone, and thusly to noncredible sources or faulty information. Buying papers from Internet cites is also considered plagiarism as it is representing the ideas of others as your own.
3.4 Disciplinary Consequences
Those found guilty of plagiarism suffer severe penalties ranging from failing a course, to court charges. Furthermore plagiarism leaves a permanent mark on transcripts and effects ability to earn scholarships.
3.5 How to Avoid High-Risk Situations
a- Don’t put off writing papers until the last second
b- Don’t use secondary sources unless you have to
c- Don’t rely on a single secondary source
d- When taking notes, make sure you know the difference between your words and the words of others.
e- Take active notes
f- Don’t use language that is unnatural for you
g- Inform the instructor in cases of emergencies or time crunch problems
h- Don’t ask to see examples from your peers
i- Don’t use borrowed notes in your papers
j- Don’t collaborate on writing papers with other students
k- Don’t submit the same paper to multiple classes
l- Save regularly and have hard copies of your work
Styles of Documentation
4.1Placing Citations in the Paper
a- footnote/endnote style – place footnote or endnote marker at the end of a sentence whenever possible to keep things clear
Special cases: artworks, illustrations, charts or other visual aids must be cited both in the endnote/footnote and immediately after the visual. Literary work may need to reference an actual line. Online sources need to include the URL and the date you accessed the document.
b- In-Text Style for Humanities
MLA format includes the author as part of your framing, and the page number at the end in parentheses. Parentheses may be placed mid sentence to differentiate between sources.
Special Cases: Several Volumes: give the volume number then a colon, then the page number. If a source has 2-3 authors, include all of them in the citation, if there are more than 3, list the first name followed up by “et al”. If there is no author, use an abbreviation of the title. Use “qtd in” when quoting a scholar who is quoting. Use section, line or paragraph number for online cites with no pages.
c- In-Text Styles for Social Sciences and Sciences
APA citing is author-and-year citing.
Special Cases: 2-3 authors, list all authors. 3-5, site with all the first time, then further citations by the same group of people, use only the first name. Don’t include references for personal interviews, letters, or emails unless it can be accessed by others.
4.2 Listing your References
List your References on a new page. Create keys and lists for your references. Can be titled as a Bibliography for MLA or APA formats.
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